How it Works: White Paper on Mark I Containment

March 20, 2011

A new report has just been developed on the Mark I containment design that is in use at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. It also explores U.S. and regulatory actions that made the design safer over the past several decades, noting “the Mark I pressure suppression containment is a proven technology that has been enhanced with confirmatory testing, enhanced knowledge and advanced analysis over time.”

In addition to explaining the boiling water reactor (BWR) design, the report, which can be downloaded from the Nuclear Energy Institute website, also makes initial observations about the performance of the containment system at Fukushima.

  • “Coincident long-term loss of both on-site and off-site power for an extended period of time is a beyond-design-basis event for the primary containment on any operating nuclear power plant.”
  • “The Mark I containment vessels appeared to have held pressure to well above the design pressure.”
  • “The response of the reactor pressure vessel and reactor in general agree with severe accident management studies performed in the 1980s and early 1990s.”

Other topics in the report include: “Containment Operation During a Loss of Coolant Accident,” “Evolution of the Design,” and “Containment Operation During a Station Blackout.”

Regarding operation during a blackout, the report notes: “In the late 1980s and early 1990s, BWR operators made procedure changes and modifications to cope with events which involved the loss of the normal offsite power and normally available emergency diesel generators…. As a result of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, additional actions and equipment were put in place at certain U.S. plants to allow water makeup to the reactor and the fuel pools should significant damage occur to the reactor buildings. These changes include pre-staged diesel-driven pumps, piping, and procedures that would support water makeup from various water supplies without the need for electrical power.”

* Download the full report from the NEI website.

Learn more in these GE Reports stories:
* Setting the Record Straight on Mark I Containment History
* Mark I Containment Facts and The New York Times
* The Mark I Containment System in BWR Reactors
* An Update on GE Disaster Relief Efforts in Japan
* Facts on the Nuclear Energy Situation in Japan (Update)

The NEI website is also providing updates on the situation in Japan.


This entry was posted in Japan, Mark I, Nuclear, Other. Bookmark the permalink.
  • design compliances and NY times

    Jeff/Keith/John and Sean …This is a great endeavor and effort by the GE team demonstration GE Way of compliance to the regulatory requirements…It would be nice if NY times could adopt this new data of the design compliance into their next print…otherwise, GE could put a commercial advertising pages on the FT, Japanese Economics news for broader knowledge’s …again, this is great and tremendous …

  • Dave Smith

    GE should have had a mobile generator helicoptered in on day 1.
    It has been 11 days. No one has ordered back up water pumps???
    GE + TEPCO = sHIP OF FOOLS!!!

  • J.D. Monty

    This was very good information – especially the white paper. Those of us who have defended nuclear energy for years are encountering a lot of “I told you so’s” from people who we’ve argued this issue with in the past. This incident is a hard one to argue against, so good factual information is vital to us. When the communications take on the look of company propaganda it lets us down. We need something we can show to the skeptics that won’t have them laugh us out of the room. Some of the earlier communications fell in this category and were not helpful. This is a big improvement. A lot of us are engineers and our GE training has taught us to challenge and poke holes in any technical argument being made to us. This is no exception and you should expect us to do it here. GE needs to take the lead on getting credible factual information out to the public even if some of it may be embarassing. If we don’t get it out, the media will and it will look a lot less flattering. Better to err on the side of too much information. Nuclear is an important resource but we as a country will lose access to it if the industry doesn’t maintain its credibility with the public.

  • Donald Hudson

    J. D. Monty:

    Regarding, “This incident is a hard one to argue against, so good factual information is vital to us. When the communications take on the look of company propaganda it lets us down. We need something we can show to the skeptics that won’t have them laugh us out of the room. Some of the earlier communications fell in this category and were not helpful. This is a big improvement. A lot of us are engineers and our GE training has taught us to challenge and poke holes in any technical argument being made to us. This is no exception and you should expect us to do it here.”

    I am neutral on nuclear power – the argument will not be settled in a series of comments either here or in less hospitable sites but together they help inform readers who do seek alternate sources of information upon which to advance thinking on the technology.

    First, it must be acknowledged that an M8.9 earthquake and 18m tsunami is extraordinary in the experience of those countries living on the “Ring of Fire”. That said, as with aviation, nuclear technology is risk-intensive and design philosophies must accomodate extremely rare events. I can cite numerous examples in aviation which is my own specialty but organizational approaches to risk apply across many technologies. “Fail-stop” approaches to high risk technology extends across all disciplines and is not limited to aircraft structures or the industy itself.

    Given your comments above regarding poking holes in technical arguments, no exceptions, my question to you is about the diesel electrical generators and the almost-instant and complete failure of the first line of defense in maintaining core temperatures. Specifically, where, exactly, are the generators housed, how are they fueled and how is the entire installation protected? Was the Fukushima installation off-site, within the containment building itself or on-site but in a different housing structure? Were the diesel generators “in the basement” as so many have said or is this an incorrect assessment of the emergency generation installation?

    I would be grateful if you could clear up this one item as it is clearly material to understanding how, and why a first line of defence failed so rapidly and completely.

    Living on “the Ring of Fire”,

    Don Hudson
    Vancouver, BC

  • Don Hudson

    After ten days and no response to my question, and now with radiation leaking into the Pacific Ocean, I and thousands are rapidly concluding that neither TEPCO, General Electric nor NISA intend to keep people up to date and instead appear to hide information from the public that are being affected by this disaster. When things go bad, it is apparent that corporate strategy is to hide and enforce a code of silence for all involved. We have seen this before in the aviation and automobile industries.

    Absence of planning (as per the immediate failure of the primary backup generation system) is one thing but to ignore the concerns of not only the Japanese people but increasingly those around the world who will be affected by these fundamental failures is unconscionable and reflects upon the entire nuclear industry in all countries embracing the technology.

    The critics are right: given silence, withholding of information, serious planning shortcomings and the inability of the industry so-called experts to address organizational and corporate failures which have a known history in this industry, there are now no good reasons for permitting nuclear power to exist as a viable alternative to other means of electrical generation. The industry has not earned the right to exist.

    This is in it’s most primary sense, a massive failure of one country’s regulatory oversight, of far too much comfort between regulator and industry, on a scale not witnessed before. This is not a Chernobyl; this is a Bopal.

    The so-called “white paper” on nuclear energy, available from GE on this site, shows that both the industry and the regulatory authority are incapable of correctly assessing itself in terms of the level of ultimate safety of nuclear power.

    Like many, I am no longer neutral on nuclear power, not because it cannot be done safely given sufficient capability and integrity, but because this industry has clearly demonstrated to the world that does not possess such integrity, and has instead shown by these failures that here at least, it is unwilling and incapable of doing it safely and moreover is dishonest and therefore cannot be trusted to design, manage and regulate itself.

    I have agreed to your blogging policy, reproduced below, and I expect you to do the same. If you disagree with what I have written, I would welcome such comments.

    Sincerely,

    D. F. Hudson
    ==============
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    * We will tell the truth and correct any mistakes promptly.
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  • Peach

    Dave Smith,

    Equipment was being flown in within 8 hours of the accident.

  • Nando

    My “ultimate” question:

    What is the “ultimate” solution in case of all standard operational “safeties” fail ?

    What about to have Graphite sleeves to cover the Uranium Rods to lower the temperature to normal low temperatures .

    This, of course, for future Nuclear plants.

    I see that the nuclear plants are needed and should be built as needed and see new ones in the near future, also, one model ONLY, world wide, to avoid re-inventing the “wheel” every time one is wanted.

    Nando

  • awarthurhu

    “Coincident long-term loss of both on-site and off-site power for an extended period of time is a beyond-design-basis event for the primary containment on any operating nuclear power plant.”

    In other words, the plant was designed to blow up as it did in event of the 2010 earthquake?????? Now that we know the design ASSUMPTIONS are wrong, doesn’t that make it an unsafe design until a plan or modification makes it so that it will handle such a scenario????

  • chevan

    “Coincident long-term loss of both on-site and off-site power for an extended period of time is a beyond-design-basis event for the primary containment on any operating nuclear power plant.”

    Scientists, pro-nuclear people, and share owners: please explain this quote (It’s at the top of the ‘white paper’ on the Mark I). Please explain how this will work the next time. Please explain how what will happen when Seattle and L.A. get hit by the scientifically-based predicted earthquake. Please explain what is going to happen to the 250,000 tons of nuclear waste – will you be storing it by your child’s school? Will you be storing it in the empty lot beside your house? I’m waiting……

    Silence. I hear nothing but silence.

  • Sam N.

    Honestly, the containment buildings for the mark 1 look like they’re more for style as opposed to durability. Sure, the three mile Island containment buildings are ugly, but they did the job and stopped the radiation. These containment buildings look like regular buildings with a fancy design.

  • MarcusAureliusII

    Having worked on a nuclear power plant myself I was never an opponent of them but this incident causes me to reflect that while the risk of an accident is small, the consequences of one if it ever happens can be devastating. TMI was hardly the only serious accident at a nuclear plant in the US, Brown’s Ferry for one had the potential to be a catastrophe also.

    Considering that a nuclear power plant has an output about equal to two fossil plants, that the US has a 200 year supply of coal and at least 420 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, and that all nuclear plants in the US are over 30 years old and reaching the end of their useful lives, it is time to think about decommissioning them and replacing them with fossil plants.

    Nuclear power has been given a chance and has proven it is not a good idea at all. As a whole, we’ll be much safer without them.

  • Montgomery

    It would be interesting to know where the design and approval cognizance was for the on-site power generators and cooling pumps, associated electricals and plumbing – GE-Hitachi or other contractor or subcontractor, or TEPCO in-house. And why no secondary, passive (as in an elevated water tank/tower supporting gravity fed) source of emergency (assume distilled) cooling water and associated plumbing? Fukushima may have been designed for 9.0 quake, but it clearly wasn’t designed for middle level (10 meter) tsunami. Wouldn’t it be prudent to plan for a tsunami with flood prevention measures, if one is planning for a large quake?

  • jim hardy

    it’s easy to rant and rave.
    with not much more effort one can do something consrtuctive.

    there’s been a good discussion at the site linked belowwhere a bunch of ordinary people came together as strangers, shared what they could dig up in way of information and all learned a lot.

    check it out. here’s last page at present,, recommend start at beginning. http://tickerforum.org/akcs-www?post=182121&page=298

    the level of discourse will surprise you. They’re way ahead of the media.

    (i expectto be shouted down over that one.)

    my real opinion -
    iworked thirty years in a plant as a maintenance man fixing instruments.
    It’s disconcerting to see that one of these contraptions can do this.
    I have only two comments:
    1. Compare the area contaminated to the size of strip mines that would have been dug to make same amount of electricity last forty years.
    2. Nuclear power was sold to us a beinig clean and safe as a housecat.
    If mankind is going to continue abusing nuclear power as a political football instead of doing the right thing, which is tend to its litterbox, we should get honest and abandon it as too good for the likes of us.

    That was Hamlet’s dilemma he dithered asking “to be or not to be” when the real question was “to do or not to do”.

    Crane summed it up it –

    [q]Man said “I Exist”.
    and the universe replied “The fact does not create in me a sense of obligation.”[/q]

    These plants are here, mankind.
    Deal with them.
    and do it Well.

    old jim himself

  • chy12

    Cheap Louis Vuitton Outlet USA purses line is discontinued
    fe and by “real” folks, rather than the seasonal luggage that are featured alongside models within the company’s ancient ad campaigns. during this case, four-year-old C.J., son of Laila Ali (a champion in her own right), stands tall close to his proud grandfather, who features a Louis Vuitton Monogram Canvas Keepall serving as a luxury gym bag at his feet. The ads seem to be simply the primary component in Ali’s involvement with Louis Vuitton – investigate a teaser video with him and Yasiin Bey (who you may recognize higher as Mos D.Louis Vuittonef) once the jump. that point of year again: time for ad campaigns!